Construction of predictive model for renal allograft rejection based on clinical multimodal ultrasound features / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective:To construct a nomogram for predicting the occurrence of renal allograft rejection based on the combination of multimodal ultrasound features and clinical data.Methods:The ultrasound findings and clinical characteristics of 102 patients with transplanted kidneys who underwent renal biopsy in the General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command from January 2021 to March 2022 were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were divided into rejection group and nephropathy group according to Banff transplant kidney pathological diagnostic criteria (2017 edition). Multivariate Logistic regression was used to screen independent predictors related to the status of rejection, and nomograms were drawn based on the independent predictors. The internal validation of the nomogram was carried out by Bootstrap method, and the ROC curve and calibration curve were utilized to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the nomogram.Results:Blood urea nitrogen concentration, renal aortic resistance index, absolute time to peak and cortical echo were independent predictors of rejection( OR=1.073, 1.078, 0.843, 0.205; all P<0.05). Incorporating blood urea nitrogen concentration, renal aortic resistance index, absolute peak time and cortical echo, the nomogram was constructed. The AUC of the predictive model was 0.814(95% CI=0.722-0.905) and the cutoff value was 0.67(corresponding to a total score of about 157 points). Both internal verification (AUC=0.788) and calibration curve demonstrated the clinical usefulness of the nomogram. Conclusions:The nomogram for predicting the occurrence of rejection in renal allograft patients based on multimodal ultrasound features and clinical data can guide the individualized treatment of patients with renal dysfunction.

Immunoregulation of allograft rejection: A role played by human CD200+ sub-population from human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Immune rejection of skin allograft is a clinical problem to be solved. Our previous study has shown that human placenta-derived CD200+ mesenchymal stem cells may have a strong capability of immunoregulation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of human placenta-derived CD200+ mesenchymal stem cells on rejection of skin allograft. METHODS: Skin allograft models of c57/BL6 mice were established and divided into three groups as control group, human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells group (PMSCs group), and CD200+ mesenchymal stem cells group (CD200+-PMSCs group). PBS (control group), normal PMSCs and CD200+-PMSCs were injected into the mice through the tail vein, respectively. The necrotic time, survival time and situation of grafted skin were observed. The number of peripheral white blood cells was counted after 7 days of treatment. The expression levels of interleukin-10, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α were detected by Q-PCR and ELISA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the control group, in the PMSCs and CD200+-PMSCs groups, the condition of skin allograft was better, and the survival time was significantly prolonged (P < 0.001). The condition and survival time of skin allograft in the CD200+-PMSCs group were significantly superior to those in the PMSCs group (P < 0.01). (2) After 7 days of treatment, the number of peripheral white blood cells in the PMSCs and CD200+-PMSCs groups was significantly less than that in the control group (P < 0.01). (3) Compared with the control group, the mRNA expression level of interleukin-10 in the spleen was significantly increased in the CD200+-PMSCs group (P < 0.05), and the mRNA expression levels of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α in the spleen were significantly down-regulated in the PMSCs and CD200+-PMSCs groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The mRNA expression levels of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α in the spleen in the CD200+-PMSCs group were significantly lower than those in the PMSCs group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). (4) Compared with the control group, the expression level of interleukin-10 in the blood was significantly increased (P < 0.05, P < 0.001), and the expression levels of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α in the blood were significantly down-regulated in the CD200+-PMSCs and PMSCs groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.001; P < 0.01, P < 0.001). The expression levels of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α in the blood in the CD200+-PMSCs group were significantly lower than those in the PMSCs group (P < 0.05). These results indicate that human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells have immunosuppressive effect on the rejection of skin allograft, and CD200+ cells may have better immunoregulatory effects by regulating the expressions of interleukin-10, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α

Clinical significance of Th17 cells in kidney transplantation

Transplantation research has focused on cytotoxic T-cell and plasma cell/B-cell-targeted strategies, but little attention has been paid to the role of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in allograft dysfunction. However, accumulating evidence suggests that Th17 cells contribute to the development of acute and chronic allograft injury after transplantation of various organs, including the kidney. This review summarizes recent reports on the role of Th17 cells in kidney transplantation. Means of improving allograft outcomes by targeting the Th17 pathway are also suggested.

Research progress on humoral rejection after liver transplantation / 解放军医学杂志

Recent studies have shown that humoral rejection,or antibody-mediated rejection (AMR),is an important risk factor for graft failure.Transplant experts have accumulated some experience on the diagnosis and treatment of AMR after kidney transplantation.However,AMR after liver transplantation has not been fully understood until recently,and its pathogenesis,clinical manifestation,diagnosis and treatment are different from AMR after kidney transplantation.In the research progress,the AMR after liver transplantation was classified into hyper acute rejection,acute humoral rejection,chronic humoral rejection and the state of accommodation.The immunity mechanism of AMR after liver transplantation is also described.The different kinds of AMR after liver transplantation were diagnosed by analyzing the clinical manifestations,serum tests and pathological characteristics of the patients.Moreover,the risk factors of them were mentioned in the article.Then we also introduce the different strategies for prevention and treatment of AMR after liver transplantation.Therefore,based on the current research progress on AMR after liver transplantation,we analyze the future direction of progress.

Biopsia hepática en la patología del trasplante, período postrasplante temprano, enfoque dirigido al diagnóstico histopatológico y su correlación clínico-patológica: Histopathological Diagnosis and Clinicopathological Correlation in the Early Post-Transplant Period / Liver Biopsies in Transplant Pathology

La biopsia hepática de los aloinjertos sigue siendo considerada el estándar de oro y juega un papel importante e integral en la interpretación y explicación de los cambios que puedan ocurrir en respuesta a alteraciones en las pruebas de la función o bioquímica hepática, anomalías funcionales o alteración en las imágenes diagnósticas, las cuales pueden, o no, ir acompañadas de síntomas. También es útil en el seguimiento o biopsias por protocolo (1-3). La evaluación de biopsias, después del trasplante, puede ser difícil debido a que es muy amplio el espectro de las complicaciones que pueden presentarse en el período postrasplante; más aún, cuando muchas de ellas necesitan un diagnóstico y tratamiento inmediato. La patología más frecuente es el rechazo agudo. Sin embargo, también pueden observarse cambios de perfusión/reperfusión, alteraciones funcionales, recidiva de enfermedad de base, lesión de la vía biliar, lesiones vasculares, infecciones oportunistas, patologías de novo, como la hepatitis autoinmune, hepatitis crónica idiopática postrasplante, toxicidad farmacológica o tumores, entre otras patologías (4). En este artículo relacionado con la patología del trasplante hepático se tratarán las patologías más frecuentes, no quirúrgicas, en el período postrasplante temprano, con un enfoque histopatológico dirigido a las dificultades y controversias para una adecuada correlación clínico-patológica.

Biopsies of liver allografts are still considered to be the gold standard. They play an important and integral role in the interpretation and explanation of changes that may occur in response to alterations in function tests, in the interpretation and explanation of liver biochemistry, in the interpretation and explanation of functional abnormalities, and in the interpretation and explanation of diagnostic images (whether or not accompanied by symptoms). Biopsies are also useful for monitoring and are often part of the protocol (1-3). The evaluation of biopsy samples after transplantation can be difficult especially because of the very broad spectrum of complications that may arise in the post-transplant period. Many of them require immediate diagnosis and treatment despite this difficulty. Although the most common condition is acute rejection, many other conditions and disorders can be observed. They include perfusion/reperfusion alterations, functional impairment, recurrence of underlying diseases, injury to the bile duct, vascular lesions, opportunistic infections, de novo pathologies such as autoimmune hepatitis, post-transplant idiopathic chronic hepatitis, drug toxicity, and tumors (4). This is the second article about the pathology of liver transplantation. It discusses the most common pathologies in the early post-transplant period and provides a histopathological approach towards difficulties and controversies for adequate clinicopathological correlation.

Follicular Helper T (Tfh) Cells in Autoimmune Diseases and Allograft Rejection

Production of high affinity antibodies for antigens is a critical component for the immune system to fight off infectious pathogens. However, it could be detrimental to our body when the antigens that B cells recognize are of self-origin. Follicular helper T, or Tfh, cells are required for the generation of germinal center reactions, where high affinity antibody-producing B cells and memory B cells predominantly develop. As such, Tfh cells are considered as targets to prevent B cells from producing high affinity antibodies against self-antigens, when high affinity autoantibodies are responsible for immunopathologies in autoimmune disorders. This review article provides an overview of current understanding of Tfh cells and discusses it in the context of animal models of autoimmune diseases and allograft rejections for generation of novel therapeutic interventions.

Diversity of vascular permeability in iris and ciliary body after penetrating keratoplasty / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background Allograft rejection is a main cause of failure of penetrating keratoplasty,especially in the patient with high risk of rejection condition.Previous study on allograft rejection mechanism focused on limbal and corneal neovascularization,but these factors did not explain all the phenomena of allograft rejection.Research found that immune cells appeared in iris and ciliary body when rejection occurred,but the relationship between these immune cells and allograft rejection is unclear Objective This study was to evaluate the relationship between diversity of vascular permeability in the iris and ciliary body and allograft rejection after penetrating keratoplasty.Methods Seventy clean eight-week-old BALB/c mice were divided into allogeneic corneal transplantation group (60 mice) and blank control group (10 mice).Allogeneic corneal transplantation was performed with the same age of C57BL/6 mice as donor and BALB/c mice as the recipients.The grafts were examined under the slit lamp microscope and scored based on the criteria of Hegde.The mice were sacrificed and iris and ciliary tissue were obtained 5,10 days and rejection after surgery.Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was used respectively to detect the expression diversities of occludin,zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1),matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9),major histocompatibility complex-Ⅱ (MHC-Ⅱ),and CCR5,CCR7 and their mRNA in iris and ciliary body.Image-J image analysis software was used to calculate the quantity of positive cells on iris wholemount,and absorbance of target genes (A values).The use and care of the experimental animals complied the ARVO Resolution on the Use of Animals in Research.Results The mean survival time of corneal gratts was (17±3) days after operation.The mean score was 0.6 in 5 days and 0.5 in 10 days,and 3.3 in 18 days after operation.Expression of ZO-1 reduced significantly,and that of MMP-9 increased obviously at the time of rejection.MHC Ⅱ + cells were scattered in iris and ciliary body in normal mice,and the number of the positive cells (cells/field) was increased after operation with a peak value when rejection occurred.A significant difference was seen between normal mice and rejection mice (1559.67±350.29 vs.4021.83±495.18) (P=0.000).The expressions of occludin mRNA and ZO-1 mRNA in the iris and ciliary body decreased obviously in the rejection mice.Compared with normal mice,theA value of ZO-1 and occluding were 36.74±3.13 vs.110.11±11.88 and 57.54±3.41 vs.59.90±3.50respectively,with significant differences between them (all P＜0.05).The expressions of MMP-9 mRNA,CCR5 mRNA and CCR7 mRNA in the iris and ciliary body increased gradually with the time lapse after operation and peaked when the rejection appeared.The A value of MMP-9 mRNA,CCR5 mRNA and CCR7 mRNA were significantly higher than those of normal mice (20.29±1.19 vs.2.77±0.85 for MMP-9 mRNA; 35.43±2.56 vs.9.11±0.29 for CCR5 mRNA,and 60.83±0.87 vs.0.89 ±0.95 for CCR7 mRNA) respectively (all P＜0.05).Conclusions The permeability of vascules in the iris and ciliary body increase during the allograft rejection after penetrating keratoplasty.Increased antigen presenting cells were also detected.

The establishment of chronic rejection model of rat's aortic transplantation / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective To establish an aortic transplantation model in the rat. Methods A thoracic aorta to abdominal aorta interposition transplant model in the rat was established. The male Lewis rats were used as donors and the female Brown Norway(BN) rats were used as recipients.Intercepted the thoracic aorta of lewis rats about one and a half centimeter. Transplanted it on the abdominal aorta of BN rats. The activity and weight change of BN rats were observed everyday until 1 week after transplantation. Then observed these index one time a week. The transplanted aortas were harvested at 8 weeks after transplantation. The intimal thickening were observed by pathological. The expression of CD3,CD68 and α-actin on transplanted aorta were observed by immunohistochemistry. Resuts All operations were finished within 2 hours. No recipients died during operation. All recipients could survival more than 8 weeks. The symptoms of bowing back, hair shedding and weight loss was appeared after transplantation. The weight of the rats were upturn at 4 or 5 days after transplantation. About 1 week after transplantation, all situations of the rats were recovery to the lever before transplantation. 8 weeks after transplantation the intimal thickening of the transplanted aortas were observed obviously by pathological. And the expressions of CD3, CD68 and α-actin on aortic allograft were observed. Conclusion The intimal thickening and the expressions of CD3, CD68 and α-actin on aortic allograft were typical expressions of chronic rejection. So this aortic transplantation model is feasible and reliable for studying chronic rejection.

In vitro Expansion of Natural Regulatory T Lymphocytes Useful for Cell Therapy in Allotransplantation

Immunotherapy with regulatory T lymphocytes is considered to be an attractive new therapeutic modality to prevent allograft rejection. The success of this new therapy is critically dependent on the preparation of highly effective and enough number of regulatory T cells. Here, we tried to establish a proper strategy for the ex vivo expansion of regulatory T cells and evaluated their characteristics. CD4+CD25h+CD62L+ T cells were isolated from the recipient mice and weekly stimulated with various stimuli in the presence of IL-2. The most efficient protocol for the expansion of regulatory T cells maintaining Foxp3 expression and regulatory activity was the three cycles stimulation with donor bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) which yielded around 400 fold expansion of regulatory T cells. The in vitro-expanded regulatory T cells expressing lymph node homing receptors on their cell surface, were composed of polyclonal population, and did not acquire the ability to produce effector cytokines. Importantly, these expanded regulatory T cells induced a modest prolongation of skin allograft survival when combined with transient T cell depletion in recipient mice. These data indicate that our protocol could be used to obtain an effective population of natural regulatory T cells available for the regulatory T cell therapy to prevent allograft rejection.

Experimental study on cervical lymph nodes removal enhance allograft survival in alkali-burned cornea / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM:To explore the inhibitive effects of cervical lymphadenectomy on kerstoplasy after alkaline burns.METHODS:The Wistar rats' corneas were transplanted into Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats' eyes which were randomly divided into 4 groups:group A(control group);group B,the cervicallymphadenectomy group;group C,corneal transplantation after the alkali burn injury;group D,cervical lymphadenectomy following group C.Out of 6 rats in each group,the cornea of one rat Was used for mawophage immunohistochemistry at day 14 after the transplantstion,and the remaining 5 rats were used for studying corneal immune rejection with a slit lamp.The time when allograft rejection occurred was recorded and mean survival times(MST)were compared among the groups.RESULTS:Compared with the MST of group A(10.40±1.14 days),the MST of group B(46.30±9.46 days)Was significantly longer(P＜0.05).MST of grafts between group C(7.00± 1.58 days)and group D(15.00±3.39 days)was also significant (P＜0.05).At 14th day after the transplantation,there was no CD68 immunoreactivity in the graft of group B,and CD68 proteins were expressed to some extent in the grafts of group A and D.However,in the graft of group C,the expression of proteins Was dramatically up-regulated.CONCLUSION:Cervical lymphadenectomy therapy has a significant effect in preventing corneal allograft rejection in normal and alkali burned oorneai beds.

Costimulatory molecules and allograft rejection / 肿瘤研究与临床

Allograft rejection after xero organ transplantation rejection, especially acute rejection is still the major reason of failure and death. Active T cell play key roles in allograft rejection. It has been showed that the expressions of costimulatory molecules are associated with xero organ transplantation rejection. The pathways of CD28/CTLA-4 and CD40/CD40L are important costimulatory pathways that cause T cell activation.The article emphasizes on the role of CD28/CTLA-4-B7 pathway in allograft rejection.

Inhibitory effect of tetrandrine eye drops on corneal allograft rejection in rats / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

· AIM: To observe the effect of tetrandrine (Ted) eye drops of different concentrations on corneal graft and on allograft rejection in rats.64 SD rats and they were then randomly divided into 3,5, 10g/L tetrandrine eye drops-treated and control groups. At different times postoperatively, neovascularization and inflammation of corneal graft were observed using slit-lamp microscopy, HE staining, light microscopy and microphoto-analysis.lymphocytes and mononuclear-macrophages. Corneal neovascularization and inflammation were significantly inhibited in the 5g/L Tet-treated group (P ＜0.05),compared with control group at 7, 14, 21, 28d postoperatively.bubble appeared when the graft was treated with tetrandrine of higher concentration (10g/L), but 5g/L Tet eye drops significantly inhibited corneal allograft rejection in rats without serious side-effects.

Lymphangiogenesis Occurring in Transplanted Corneas / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

To study corneal lymphangiogenesis after corneal transplantation, corneal allogenic transplantation models were established in rats. 8 female Wister rats were used as donors, and 16 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were used as recipients and 2 SD served as controls. Corneal lymphangiogenesis and hemangiogenesis was examined by electron microscopy 1 and 2 weeks after corneal penetrating transplantation, and the expression of lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor (LYVE-1) was examined 1, 3, 7, 14 days after the transplantation respectively. In addition, 19 allograft failed human corneas were examined by 5'-nase-alkaline phosphatase (5'-NA-ALP) doubleenzyme-histochemistry staining to detect corneal lymphangiogenesis and hemangiogenesis. By immunohistochemistry for LYVE-1, it was found that blown lymphatics were localized in the stroma 3days after the corneal transplantation. With electron microscopy, new lymphatic vessels and blood vessels were found 1 and 2 weeks after the corneal transplantation. By 5'-NA-ALP enzyme-histochemistry, corneal hemangiogenesis was found in all allograft failed huma n corneas and 5 of 19(26.3%) cases had developed corneal lymphangiogenesis. It is concluded that corneal lymphangiogenesis is present after corneal transplantation, which may play an important role in allograft rejection.

Ipsilateral Lymphadenectomy to Inhibit Corneal Allograft Rejection in Rats / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

In order to investigate the ipsilateral lymphadenectomy for inhibiting rejection in rat corneal transplantation, corneal allogenic transplantation models were established in rats. Eighteen female Wister rats were used as donors, and 36 Sprague Dawley rats as recipients. After penetrating corneal transplantation, recipients were randomly divided into 3 groups: group A (control group);group B, the ipsilateral lymphadenectomy group; group C, the bilateral lymphadenectomy group.Among 12 rats in each group, the corneas of 2 rats in each group were used for pathological study at day 14 after the transplantation, and the remaining 10 rats were used for studying corneal rejection by a slit lamp. The time points when allograft rejection occurred were recorded and mean survival time (MST) was compared. The results showed that MST in groups B and C was 46.30±9.464 days and 44.43 ± 7. 604 days, respectively, which was significantly prolonged as compared with that in group A (10.71±1. 567 days, P＜0.01). There was no significant difference in MST between groups B and C (P＞0.05). Itwas concluded that both bilateral and ipsilateral lymphadenectomy therapies could effectively inhibit the corneal allograft rejection. Ipsilateral lymphadenectomy is a less complex surgical procedure and is just as effective in preventing rejection.

Clinical Significance of C4d-Positivity in Renal Transplant Recipients with Acute Rejection / 대한이식학회지

PURPOSE: C4d detection in peritubular capillaries in acute allograft rejection has been regarded as a poor prognostic factor for graft kidney survival. We investigated the clinical importance of C4d positivity in renal transplant recipients with acute rejection. METHODS: Forty eight renal allograft biopsies were selected, which were available for immunofluorescence study. The samples were divided into two groups, one which was diagnosed as acute rejection clinically (n=30), the other which underwent protocol biopsy 2 weeks after transplantation (n=18). Among the acute rejection group, C4d staining was positive in 50% of acute rejection cases (C4d (+), n=15) and negative in the others. (C4d (-), n=15). We compared the C4d (+) group and the C4d (-) group in terms of clinical parameters and graft survival duration. RESULTS: Renal function was reduced in the C4d (+) group compared to the C4d (-) group. In the C4d (+) group, 8 of 15 cases resulted in graft loss, but only one graft loss developed in the C4d (-) group. Graft survival duration after kidney biopsy was reduced in the C4d (+) group compared to the C4d (-) group. CONCLUSION: Renal transplant recipient with C4d-positive acute rejection shows inferior graft survival duration. So tight management in addition to steroid pulse therapy should be considered for these patients.

Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease / 대한간학회지

No abstract available.

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D_3 and its analogs exert immunoregulatory activitives / 医学研究生学报

The active form of vitamin D,1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 \,is a secosteroid hormone that binds to the vitamin D receptor(VDR),a member of the superfamily of nuclear receptors for steroid hormones,thyroid hormone,and retinoic acid.1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogue regulate calcium and bone metabolism,control cell proliferation and differentiation,and exert immunoregulatory activities.Recent advances in understanding their functions and novel insights into the immunomodulatory mechanisms they control suggest a wider applicability in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and induction of allograft tolerance.In addition to direct effects on T cell activation,1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogue modulate with different mechanisms the phenotype and function of antigen-presenting cells(APC),and,in particular,of dendritic cells(DC).In vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogue induce DC to acquire tolerogenic properties that favor the induction of regulatory rather than effector T cells.These intriguing actions of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its nanlogue have been demonstrated in several experimental models and could be exploited,in principle,to treat a variety of human autoimmune diseases,or inhibit allograft rejection.

Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance / 医学研究生学报

Recent studies of immunology have aroused new interest in regulatory T cell for immune responses,and scientists have recognized that suppressor T cells exist in vivo and regulatory T(Treg) cells play a crucial role in mediating immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases.This article reviews the types,characteristics,mechanisms,and roles of Treg in immune tolerance,aiming to offer some important theoretical evidence for the treatment of allograft rejection and autoimmune diseases.

Expression and significance of programmed death ligand-1 and programmed death-l in the renal tissues following acute rejection after kidney transplantation / 第三军医大学学报

Objective To investigate the role of PD-L1 in the pathogenesis of acute allograft rejection (AR) and its correlation with PD-1 and the degree of tubulointerstitial lesions. Methods A total of 20 patients admitted by our hospital and Daping hospital from 1999 to 2003 were included, 12 male and 8 female, aged 18-40 years old (average 32.2?4.5). All of them were diagnosed as acute rejection by renal biopsy. Fifteen specimens from the mismatched donor kidney and the normal tissues from the resected kidney served as normal control. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of PD-L1 and PD-1 in renal tissues of AR and normal control. Results Both PD-L1 and PD-1 expression were significantly higher in AR than that in normal control. The intensity of PD-L1 positive in renal tissues of AR showed a positive correlation with PD-1 expression and a negative correlation with the degree of tubulointerstitial lesions. Conclusion Increased expression of PD-L1 and PD-1 in renal tissues of AR has an important effect on the degree of tubulointerstitial lesions.

Application of cystatin C as an efficacious marker of renal function in kidney transplant recipients / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective To assss the clinical significance of Cystatin C(Cys C)as a marker of renal function in kidney transplant patients especially when infection or acute rejection occured.Methods Among 65 renal transplant recipients the concentrations of serum Cys C and serum creatinine(Scr)were determined before and one month after the transplantation,and also in the day and next day of occurrence of infection or rejection.Meanwhile,30 healthy persons and 30 infected patients without kidney transplantations were served as control.Results The concentrations of Cys C were nearly equal between healthy persons and the infected patients without kidney transplantations(P = 0.32).The level of serum Cys C and Scr dropped quickly in the first 3 days after transplantation(decreased by 69.2%,74.7%,75.8% for Cys C and 38.4%,74.5%,81.4% for Scr)(P